Hawaiian Monk Seal
(Monachus schauinslandi)
Quick Facts | Organizations & Associations | Web Site Resources | Selected Literature | Literature by Topic | Further Research
Quick Facts
- Listed as endangered
- Found in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
- Feed on fish and invertebrates such as eels, octupuses, crustaceans
- Weigh on average over 400 pounds as adults, females weighing more than males
- Grows to about 7 feet in length
- Dives to depths of 250 to 300 feet to feed
Organizations & Associations
International Marine Mammal AssociationOrganization dedicated to the conservation of marine mammals and their habitats worldwide, through research and education. NMFS Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center: Marine Mammal Research Program
Goal of the program is to enahnce the recovery of the Hawaiian monk seal population. Ocean Conservancy: Hawaiian Monk Seals
Started in 1972, organization uses science-based advocacy, research, and public education to empower people to speak and act for the oceans. Seal Conservation Society
Non-profit organization started in 1996 to protect and conserve pinnipeds worldwide by monitoring and attempting to minimize threats to pinniped conservation and welfare; providing comprehensive information and advisory service on pinniped-related issues to media, groups, and individuals; maintaining close links with and exchangng information with animal welfare and conservation groups, rescue and rehabilitation centers, research groups, and government agencies; and developing and distributing educational materials on pinnpeds, their nature and threats they face. Society for Marine Mammology
Organization dedicated to the conservation of marine mammals and their habitats worldwide, through research and education.
Web Site Resources
PIFSC MMRP PublicationsBibliography collected by the Marine Mammal Research Program on the Hawaiian monk seal. Pacific Whale Foundation: Fact Sheets: The Hawaiian Monk Seal
A facts sheet on the Hawaiian Monk Seal produced by the Pacific Whale Foundation of Maui, Hawaii. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Pacific Islands Endangered Species
Threatened and endangered animals in the Hawaiian and Pacific Islands.
Selected Literature
Reference
The Hawaiian monk sealBailey AM. 1952.
PIFSC Library, QL737.P6 B34 The natural history of seals
Bonner WN. 1990.
PIFSC Library, QL737.P64 B66 1990 Seals and Sea Lions of the World
Bonner WN. 1994.
UHM Hamilton Library, QL737.P64 B662 1994 The Hawaiian monk seal
Ching P. 1994.
PIFSC Library, QL737.P64 C48 1994 Monk Seals
Gilmartin WG, Forcada J. in Encyclopedia of marine mammals, p. 756-759. 2002.
PIFSC Library, QL701.2.E53 2002
Journals
Aquatic MammalsISSN: 0167-5427
Scientific, peer reviewed journal of the Euroean Association for Aquatic Mammals. In this journal, papers dealing with all aspects of the care, conservation, medicine and science of aquatic mammals are published.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Aquatic Marine Mammal Science
Publishes significant new findings on marine mammals from original research on their form and function, evolution, physiology, genetics, population biology, ecology and conservation.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with M Marine Pollution Bulletin
ISSN: 0025-326X
Publishes papers (reports), reviews, viewpoints, and baseline document measurements management, economic aspects, and protection of the marine environment.
Literature By Topic
Habitat
Abundance of the Hawaiian monk seal in the main Hawaiian IslandsBaker JD, Johanos TC. in Biological Conservation, 116 (1) (2004:Mar.), p. 103-110. The Hawaiian Monk Seal on Laysan Island, 1991.
Becker BL. 1995. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC no.214
[ pdf ] (268 KB) Marine debris accumulation in the nearshore marine habitat of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi 1999-2001
Boland RC, Donahue MJ. in Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46 (11) (2003:Nov.), p. 1385-1394. The Hawaiian Monk Seal, Monachus schauinslandi, at Kure Atoll, 1982-83
Bowlby CE. 1991. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC no.155
[ pdf ] (2.8 MB) The Hawaiian Monk Seal at French Frigate Shoals, 1990-1991
Craig MP. 1994. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC no.210
[ pdf ] (5.68 MB) Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi) habitat and population survey in the Northwestern (Leeward) Hawaiian Islands, April 1977
DeLong RL. 1977.
PIFSC Library, QL737.P64 D44 1977 The Hawaiian monk seal on Midway Atoll, 1994
Eberhardt LL, Eberhardt KV. 1994. SWFSC Admin. Rep. H-94-08
[ pdf ] (1.02 MB) The Hawaiian monk seal and green turtle at Pearl and Hermes Reef, 1990 and 1991
Finn MA, Henderson JH, Becker JR, Ragen TJ. 1993. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-182
[ pdf ] (4.6 MB) Diet of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) from the Northwestern Hawaiian islands during 1991 to 1994
Goodman-Lowe GD. in Marine Biology, 132 (3) (1998:Oct.): 535-546.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Marine The Hawaiian Monk Seal in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 2000
Johanos TC, Baker JD. 2002. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-340
[ pdf ] (3.7 MB) The Hawaiian Monk Seal on Lisianski Island, 1988 and 1990
Lee MM. 1993. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-179
[ pdf ] (4.45 MB) Identifying diurnal foraging habitat of endangered Hawaiian monk seals using a seal-mounted video camera
Parrish FA, Craig MP, Ragen TJ, Marshall GJ, Buhleier BM. in Marine Mammal Science, 16 (2) (2000:Apr.): 392-412.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Marine Status of the Hawaiian monk seal in 1992
Ragen TJ. 1993. SWFSC Admin. Rep. H-93-05
[ pdf ] (8.15 MB) Proposed designation of critical habitat for the Hawaiian monk seal in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands
U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. 1986.
PIFSC Library, QL737.P64 U65 1986 Hawaiian monk seal pupping locations in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Westlake RL, Gilmartin WG. 1990. in Pacific Science 44 (4) (1990): 366-383.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Pacific Organochlorines in the free-ranging Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) from French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean
Wilcox MK, Woodward LA, Ylitalo GM, Buzitis J, Atkinson S, Li QX. in Science of the Total Environment, 322 (1-3) (2004:Apr.): 81-93.
Conservation
Monk seal pups get Honolulu head startin Marine Fisheries Review 50 (3) (1988): 57-58.
Location: NMFS-USFWS Section with Marine Effects of research handling on the endangered Hawaiian monk seal
Baker JD, Johanos TC. in Marine Mammal Science 18 (2) (2002:Apr.): 500-512.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Marine Demographic consequences of changed pupping and hauling sites of the Hawaiian Monk Seal
Gerrodette T. 1990.
UHM Hamilton Library, Hawaiian Collection, REPRINT H067.07 Hawaiian monk seal work plan: fiscal years 1994-6
Gilmartin WG. 1993. SWFSC Admin. Rep. H-93-16
[ pdf ] (7.53 MB) Recovery plan for the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi
Gilmartin WG. 1983.
PIFSC Library, QL737.P64 G48 1983 Research and management plan for the Hawaiian monk seal at French Frigate Shoals (1993-96)
Gilmartin WG. 1993. SWFSC Admin. Rep. H-93-08
[ pdf ] (5.71 MB) Recommended recovery actions for the Hawaiian Monk Seal at Midway Islands
Gilmartin WG, Antonelis GA. 1998. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-253
[ pdf ] (1.5 MB) Survival rates for the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Gilmartin WG, Johanos TC, Eberhardt LL. in Marine Mammal Science 9 (4) (1993:Oct.): 407-420.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Marine Effects of tagging on weaned Hawaiian Monk Seal pups
Johanos TC. 1988.
UHM Hamilton Library, Hawaiian Collection, REPRINT H068.04 Conservation genetics of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Kretzmann MB. 1998.
PIFSC Library, QL737.P64 K73 1998 Low Genetic Variability in the Hawaiian Monk Seal
Kretzmann MB, Gilmartin WG, Meyer A, Zegers GP, Fain SR, Taylor BF, Costa DP. in Conservation Biology 11 (2) (1997:Apr.): 482-490. Workshop on the Management of Hawaiian Monk Seals on Beaches in the Main Hawaiian Islands, 29-31 October 2002, Kauai Sheraton Resort, Koloa, Kauai, Hawaii : final report
Marine Mammal Commission, National Marine Fisheries Service, Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources. 2003.
UHM Hamilton Library, QL737.P64 W67 2002 Hawaii's wildlife heritage [videorecording]: the Hawaiian monk seal
Sprinkle G, Harvey ML, KITV. 1992.
UHM Library, VIDEOTAPE 7921 Conservation and management of marine mammals
Twiss JR, Reeves RR, eds. 1999.
PIFSC Library, QL713.2 .C651 1999
Hawaiian Monk Seal Behavior/Physiology
Improved body condition of weaned Hawaiian monk seal pups associated with El Niño events: Potential benefits to an endangered speciesAntonelis GA, Baker JD, Polovina JJ. in Marine Mammal Science 19 (3) (2003:July): 590-598.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Marine Use of a GnRH Agonist to Suppress Testosterone in Wild Male Hawaiian Monk Seals (Monachus schauinslandi)
Atkinson S, Ragen TJ, Gilmartin WG, Becker BL, Johanos TC. in General and Comparative Endocrinology 112 (2) (1998:Nov.): 178-182. Fostering behavior in Hawaiian monk seals: Is there a reproductive cost?
Boness DJ. in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27 (2) (1990): 113-122.
UHM Hamilton Library, QL750 .B533 Fostering behavior and the effect of female density in Hawaiian monk seals, Monachus schauinslandi
Boness DJ, Craig MP, Honigman L, Austin S. in Journal of Mammalogy 79 (1998:Aug.): 1060-1069.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Journal of Mammology Body size, survival, and decline of juvenile Hawaiian monk seals, Monachus schauinslandi
Craig MP, Ragen TJ. in Marine Mammal Science 15 (3) (1999:Jul.): 786-809.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with M Bioenergetics of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Dunn RE. 1990.
PIFSC Library, QL737.P64 D86 1990 Parturition in the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Eliason JJ, Johanos TC, Webber MA. in Marine Mammal Science 6 (2) (1990:Apr.): 146-151.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Marine Cranial morphometrics of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Finn MA. 1994.
UHM Hamilton Library, Hawaiian Collection, Q111 .H3 no. 2986 Assimilation efficiency of prey in the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Goodman-Lowe GD, Carpenter JR, Atkinson S. in Canadian Journal of Zoology 77 (4) (1999:Apr.): 653-660.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Canadian Corrigendum to "Nutrient, fatty acid, amino acid and mineral analysis of natural prey of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi": [Comp.Biochem. Physiol. 124 A (1999) 137-146]
Goodman-Lowe GD, Carpenter JR, Atkinson S, Ako H. in Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 125 (3) (2000:Mar.): 415-416. Nutrient, fatty acid, amino acid and mineral analysis of natural prey of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi
Goodman-Lowe GD, Carpenter JR, Atkinson S, Ako H. in
Goodman-Lowe GD, Atkinson S, Carpenter JR. in Pacific Science 55 (4) (2001:Oct.): 399-407.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Pacific Initial defecation time and rate of passage of digesta in adult Hawaiian monk seals, Monachus schauinslandi
Goodman-Lowe GD, Atkinson S, Carpenter JR. in Canadian Journal of Zoology 75 (1997:Mar.): 433-438.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Canadian Individual variation in nursing vocalizations of Hawaiian monk seal pups, Monachus schauinslandi (Phocidae, Pinnipedia), and lack of maternal recognition
Job DA, Boness DJ, Francis JM. in Canadian Journal of Zoology 73 (5): 975-983.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Canadian Annual reproductive cycle of the female Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Johanos TC, Becker BL, Ragen TJ. in Marine Mammal Science 10 (1) (1994:Jan.): 13-30.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Marine Evaluation of shark, dolphin, and monk seal interactions with Northwestern Hawaiian Island bottomfishing activity: a comparison of two time periods and an estimate of economic impacts
Kobayashi DR, Kawamoto KE. in Fisheries Research 23 (1/2) (1995:May): 11-22.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with F Body temperature of the Hawaiian monk seal
Kridler E, Olsen DL, Whittow GC. in Journal of Mammalogy 52 (2) (1971): 476.
UHM Hamilton Library, QL700 .J6 The diet and digestive physiology of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi
Lowe GD. 1998.
PIFSC Library, QL737.P64 L69 1998 Diurnal rhythm of body temperature in the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Ohata CA, Matsuura DT, Whittow GC, Tinker SW. in Pacific Science 26 (1) (1972): 117-120.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Pacific Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) foraging in deep-water coral beds
Parrish FA, Abernathy K, Marshall GJ, Buhleier BM. in Marine Mammal Science 18 (1) (2002:Jan.): 244-258.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with M Determination of the estrous cycle in the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi
Pietraszek J. 1992.
UHM Hamilton Library, Hawaiian Collection, Q111 .H3 no.2770 Concentrations of estrone sulfate and progesterone in plasma and saliva, vaginal cytology, and bioelectric impedance during the estrous cyde of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi).
Pietraszek J, Atkinson S. in Marine Mammal Science 10 (4) (1994:Oct.): 430-441.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with M Animal-borne GPS and the deployment of a GPS based archiving datalogger on Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Sisak MM. in Marine Technology Society Journal 32 (1) (1998): 30-36.
UHM Hamilton Library, GC1 .J63 "Mobbing" in Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi): The value of simulation modeling in the absence of apparently crucial data
Starfield AM, Roth JD, Ralls K. in Conservation Biology 9 (1) (1995): 166-174.
UHM Hamilton Library, QH75.A1 C665 Noninvasive monitoring of testosterone concentrations and its relation to agonistic behavior in captive Hawaiian monk seals, Monachus schauinslandi
Theodorou J. 1996.
UHM Hamilton Library, Q111 .H3 no.3149 Thermoregulatory behavior of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Whittow GC. in Pacific Science 32 (1) (1978): 47-60.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical wih Pacific Skin structure of the Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Whittow GC, Szekerczes J, Kridler E, Olsen DL> in Pacific Science 29 (2) (1975): 153-157.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Pacific
Hawaiian Monk Seal Diseases/Injuries
Health Assessment and Disease Status Studies of the Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi)Aguirre AA, Reif JS, Antonelis GA. 2000.
UHM Hamilton Library, QL737 .P64 A39 2000 Fatal shark attack on a Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Alcorn DJ, Kam AKH. in Marine Mammal Science 2 (4) (1986:Oct.): 313-315.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with M Hematology and serum chemistry of the young Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Banish LD, Gilmartin WG. in Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24 (2) (1988): 225-230.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Journal of Wildlife Pathological findings in the Hawaiian monk seal
Banish LD, Gilmartin WG. in Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28 (3) (1992): 428-434.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Journal of Wildlife Shark inflicted injuries to the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi
Bertilsson-Friedman PAK. 2002.
PIFSC Library, QL737.P64 B4 2002 A coprological survey of helminth parasites of the Hawaiian monk seal from the northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Daily MD, Santangelo RV, Gilmartin WG. in Marine Mammal Science 4 (2) (1988:Apr.): 125-131.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with M Derelict fishing Gear in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: Diving Surveys and Debris Removal in 1999 Confirm Threat to Coral Reef Ecosystems
Donohue MJ, Boland RC, Sramek CM, Antonelis GA. in Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 (12) (2001:Dec.): 1301-1312. The genus Halarachne (Acari: Halarachnidae), with the description of a species from the Hawaiian Monk Seal
Furman DP, Dailey MD. in Journal of Medical Entomology 17 (4) (1980): 352-359.
UHM Hamilton Library, RA639.5 .J6 A Pre- and Post-MARPOL Annex V Summary of Hawaiian Monk Seal Entanglements and Marine Debris Accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 1982–1998
Henderson JR. in Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 (7) (2001:July): 584-589. The significance of wounding to the survival of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi
Hiruki LM. 1991.
PIFSC Library, QL737.P64 H57 1991 Establishment, cryopreservation, and growth of 11 cell lines prepared from a juvenile Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi
Lu Y, Aguirre AA, Hamm C, Wang Y, Yu Q, Loh PC, Yanagihara R. in Methods in Cell Science 22 (2/3) (2000): 115-124.
UHM Hamilton Library, QH585 .T53a Establishment of monk seal cell lines
Lu Y, Aguirre AA, Braun RC, Loh PC. in In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal 34 (1998:May): 367-369.
UHM Hamilton Library, QH585 .I52 Macro-analytical methods used to analyze tissues of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi, for organochlorine pesticides, polychlorbiphenyls, and pentachlorophenol
Takei GH, Leong GH. in Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27 (4) (1981): 489-498.
UHM Hamilton Library, RA1270.P4 B85 Field manual for phocid necropsies (specifically Monachus schauinslandi)
Winchell JM. 1990. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-146
[ pdf ] (68.26 MB) Hepatitis Associated with a Sarcocystis canis–like Protozoan in a Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Yantis D, Moeller R, Braun R, Gardiner CH, Aguirre A, Dubey JP. in Journal of Parasitology 89 (6) (2003:Dec.): 1258-1260.
Population
Checking procedures for Hawaiian monk seal census dataGerrodette T, Frizelle FR. 1988. SWFSC Admin. Rep. H-88-13
[ pdf ] (11.7 MB) The Hawaiian Monk Seal: Population Status and Current Research Activities
Gilmartin WG. 1988. SWFSC Admin. Rep. H-88-17
[ pdf ] (1.39 MB) Status of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) population
Gilmartin WG, Eberhardt LL. in Canadian Journal of Zoology 73 (6) (1995): 1185-1190.
UHM Hamilton Library, QL1 .C16 Stochastic simulation model for the Hawaiian monk seal
Harting AL. 2002.
PIFSC Library, QL737.P64 H3 2002 A compilation of historical monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) counts
Hiruki LM, Ragen TJ. 1992. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-172
[ pdf ] (11.58 MB) Microsatellite Analysis of Population Structure in the Endangered Hawaiian Monk Seal
Kretzmann MB, Gemmell NJ, Meyer A. in Conservation Biology 15 (2001:Apr.): 457-466.
UHM Hamilton Library, QH75.A1 C665 Human Activities Affecting the Population Trends of the Hawaiian Monk Seal
Ragen TJ. in Life in the Slow Lane: Ecology and Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals 23: 183-194.
UHM Hamilton Library, QL121 .L53 1999 A dynamic seascape and a disappearing seal: a biogeographical analysis of the population ecology of the Hawaiian monk seal
Schmelzer I. 2001.
UHM Hamilton Library, QL737.P64 S36 2001a Seals and seascapes: covariation in Hawaiian monk seal subpopulations and the oceanic landscape of the Hawaiian Archipelago.
Schmelzer I. in Journal of Biogeography 27 (2000:Jul.): 901-914.
UHM Hamilton Library, QH84 .J68 Composition of the Hawaiian monk seal population at Kure Atoll, 1990
Van Toorenburg RA, Gilmartin WG, Henderson JR. in Pacific Science 47 (3) (1993): 211-214.
PIFSC Library Location: Alphabetical with Pacific
Miscellanea
Revised bibliography of the Hawaiian monk seal : Monachus schauinslandi Matschie 1905Balazs GH, Whittow GC. 1979.
PIFSC Library, GC57.2 .H3192 no.79-03 The whales of Hawaii, including all species of marine mammals in Hawaiian and adjacent water
Balcomb KC. 1987.
PIFSC Library, QL737.C4 B236 1987 Beyond Honolulu a rare visit to Hawaii's Leeward Islands
Benson B. 1976.
UHM Sinclair Library, VIDEOTAPE 6338
Further Research
LC Subject Headings: Hawaiian Monk SealLC Call Numbers: QL737 .P64
NMFS Scientific Publications Office (SPO)
Includes the quarterly journals, Fishery Bulletin and Marine Fisheries Review, and the NOAA Professional Paper NMFS (PP) series (formerly NOAA Technical Report series). Also povides technical and administrative editorial support to NMFS headquarters offices, which includes coordinating publication of several series of the NOAA Technical Memoranda NMFS, including Our Living Oceans, and other special publications.
Last updated December 06 2007