Data Sources
The data described in this atlas originate from several sources and were collected using a variety of methods including sidescan sonar, airborne LIDAR, multibeam sonar, depth sounders, lead lines, and other methods.
GLORIA
The original data were collected as part of the USGS EEZ-SCAN program, which was a cooperative mapping program between the US Geological Survey and the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences of the UK. The survey areas included the entire US EEZ of East Coast, Gulf of Mexico, Puerto Rico, West Coast, Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands, Gulf of Alaska, Hawaiian Ridge, and the US Virgin Islands of Johnston Island, Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll. The GLORIA system is a long-range sidescan sonar system developed at the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences of the United Kingdom. The system was specifically designed to map the morphology and texture of seafloor features in the deep ocean. Acoustic images of the seafloor are formed by transmitting sound pulses at the seafloor to either side of the towed vehicle and recording the backscattered sound waves. Two arrays of transducers mounted back to back are inside the towed vehicle. The arrays can emit pulses of energy at 20-, 30-, or 40-s intervals and, between transmissions, record the echoes from as far away as 30 km. The acoustic data are sequentially obtained from narrow strips of seafloor, and thus successive transmissions over adjacent strips of seafloor are used to construct an image line-by-line. The maximum swath width largely depends on the prevailing acoustic-propagation conditions. For GLORIA, the swath width can be as great as 30 km on each side of the track. Under normal conditions, however, it is usually somewhat less. If acoustic conditions are unfavorable and the water depth is less than about 1,500 m, then the range may be less than 10 km. The maximum range for the surveys is 22.5 km to either side of the ship's track.
Groome, M.G., C.E. Gutmacher, and A.J. Stevenson (1997). Atlas of GLORIA sidescan-sonar imagery of the Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States: EEZ-View. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rep. 97-540. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/of97-540/
Gardner, J.V., M.E. Field, and D.C. Twichell, eds. (1996). Geology of the United States Seafloor: The view from GLORIA. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
SHOALS
These data are originated from US Army Engineer Joint Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBCTX), which were collected by the SHOALS (Scanning Hydrographic Operational Airborne LIDAR Survey) system. The SHOALS system consists of an airborne laser transmitter/receiver capable of measuring 400 soundings per second. The system operates from a deHavilland DHC-6 Twin Otter flying at altitudes between 200 and 400 meters with a ground speed of about 100 knots. The SHOALS system also includes a ground-based data processing system for calculating accurate horizontal position and water depth. LIDAR is an acronym for Light Detection And Ranging. The system operates by emitting a pulse of light that travels from an airborne platform to the water surface where a small portion of the laser energy is backscattered to the airborne receiver. The remaining energy at the water's surface propagates through the water column and reflects off the sea bottom and back to the airborne detector. The time difference between the surface return and the bottom return corresponds to water depth. The maximum depth the system is able to sense is related to the complex interaction of radiance of bottom material, incident sun angle and intensity, and the type and quantity of organics or sediments in the water column. As a rule-of-thumb, the SHOALS system should be capable of sensing bottom to depths equal to two or three times the Secchi depth. SHOALS has demonstrated capabilities that meet US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrographic Survey accuracy requirements for Class 1 surveys and the International Hydrographic Organization nautical charting standards for Order 1.
Kauai and Maui coastline survey was collected from February to April 1999. Oahu coastline survey was collected from March to April 1999 Molokai and Lanai coastline survey was collected in November 2000. The projection is geographic, the units are decimal degrees, and Datum is WGS84. The depth are in meters from Mean Lower Low Water. The horizontal positional accuracy is +/- 3 meters (1 sigma), and the vertical positional accuracy is +/- 15 cm (1 sigma).
NOS SingleBeam
The original data sets were extracted from the NOS GEODAS database CD ROMs, available from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC). Multiple source files, concatenated NOS bathymetric soundings data sets collected before 1984 as long ago as 1930 from a variety of methods, including depth finders, lead lines, etc. were consolidated into single file. The data within Main Hawaiian Islands were in Old Hawaiian projections and NAD27 projections, and are transformed from the reference of NAD27 to NAD83 datum. The original soundings depths were recorded in fathoms but are now in meters. The projection is geographic, the units are decimal degrees, and the horizontal positioning accuracy is unknown.
NOS SeaBeam
The original data sets were extracted from the NOS GEODAS database CD ROMs, available from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC). The source file is a subset of SEABEAM file from the NOS bathymetric soundings. SEABEAM general instrument is 16 beams, 12 kHz. 5 Beams of actual data were extracted from each return. Sampling rate varies from 10 to 30 seconds along the track. A listing of the NOS reference numbers includes:
| HYD9303022076, | HYD9303022077, | HYD9303022078, | HYD9303022079, |
| HYD9303022081, | HYD9303022082, | HYD9303022083, | HYD9303022084, |
| HYD9303022085, | HYD9303022086, | HYD9303022087, | HYD9303022088, |
| HYD9303022089, | HYD9303022090, | HYD9303022091, | HYD9303022092, |
| HYD9303022093, | HYD9303022094, | HYD9303022095, | HYD9303032059, |
| HYD9303032060, | HYD9303032061, | HYD9303032062. |
The projection is geographic, the units are decimal degrees, and Datum is North American Datum 1983. The soundings are in meters from Mean Lower Low Water, and the horizontal positioning accuracy is variable, but assumed to be within 20 meters for GPS and within 50 meters for LoranC.
JAMSTEC SeaBeam
The original data were collected from the two cruises to Hawaii with a SeaBeam 2112 multibeam seafloor mapping sonar system during a collaborative research program between scientists from Japan and U.S. institutions that was funded by the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) in 1998 and 1999. Because identical SeaBeam 2112 sonar mapping systems are mounted on duplicate hulls of the sister ships Kairei and Yokosuka, merging their data is relatively simple and seamless. Approximately 115,000-km2 was surveyed in the southeastern Hawaiian Islands.
SeaBeam 2112 is a multibeam survey system built by L-3 Communications Sea Beam Instruments, Inc. for producing wide-swath contour maps and acoustic backscatter images of the seafloor. The sonar beams, with a narrow 2? beam angle fore/aft, are projected as a swath and travel through the water column to the sea floor and are reflected off the bottom. The horizontal resolution of the bathymetry data depends on depth and ship speed. The accuracy of the depth measurement is specified as 0.5% of the depth or better. Data quality also depends greatly on the sea state. The typical swath width for this system around the Hawaiian Ridge (3000-5000 m water depth) is 10 km, or 2-3 times the depth.
M/V Ocean Alert
In March 1998 the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) and United States Geological Survey (Dartnell and Gardner, 1999; MBARI 2000) completed surveys of selected areas offshore of the Hawaiian Islands using the same survey ship -- the M/V Ocean Alert, and the same sonar equipment -- Simrad EM300 multibeam system to collect bathymetry and backscatter data.
Dartnell, P. and J.V. Gardner (1999). Sea-Floor Images and Data from Multibeam Surveys in San Francisco Bay, Southern California, Hawaii, the Gulf of Mexico, and Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, [CD-ROM]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey (Digital Data Series, DDS-55.Version 1.0).
MBARI (2000). MBARI Hawaii Multibeam Survey, Version 1. Digital Data Series No. 2 [CD-ROM]. Moss Landing, California: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.
R/V Ka'imikai-o-Kanaloa
The original data were from Dr. Christopher Kelley and Dr. John Smith (HURL) in 2001 and 2002 Kaimikai-o-Kanaloa (K-O-K) surveys inside the Kahoolawe Island Reserve. A SeaBeam 210 multibeam sonar bathymetric mapping system is installed aboard K-O-K. SeaBeam is capable of acoustically charting the seafloor peaks and valleys with complete high resolution coverage to depths of 11,000 meters (nearly 7 miles). A near real-time contour plot for the current swath is produced, and the digital data are recorded for later post-processing on the shipboard Silicon Graphics UNIX workstations. Some applications of this technology are: hydrographic charting for hazards to navigation, search and recovery operations, submersible support, marine resource exploration, scientific research, and location of seamounts as natural fish aggregation devices.
R/V KILO MOANA
The original data were from Dr. Bruce Appelgate and other researchers of Hawaii Mapping Research Group (HMRG) in their test and research cruises of R/V Kilo Moana. The others were from Dr. Christopher Kelley of Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL) in his CD-ROM product CREDITS AND MULTIBEAM DATA SOURCES FOR THE DLNR BOTTOMFISH GIS, which collects
- 2002 Kilo Moana test cruise off Oahu and off Penguin Bank from Dr. Bruce Appelgate (HMRG), and Dr. Brian Taylor (UH).
- 2003 Kilo Moana survey in Maui County, off east Maui and off Penguin Bank and North Molokai from Dr. Christopher Kelley and Dr. John Smith (HURL).
- 2003 Kilo Moana survey off the Big Island of Hawaii from Dr. Michael Garcia of University of Hawaii (UH).
- 2003 Kilo Moana survey off south Maui from Dr. Eric Bergmanus (UH).
- not been released 2004 Kilo Moana student cruise survey data from Dr. Brian Taylor (UH).
R/V KILO MOANA has a large suite of modern mission electronic and sonar systems. Shipboard systems have been carefully designed to avoid interference with scientific sonar systems.
- Deep Water Multibeam Echo Sounder (Simrad EM120) A 12 kHz, 191 beam, bathmetric sonar system capable of hydrographic charting and seafloor acoustic backscatter imaging in water depth up to 11,000 m. Angular coverage is up to 150 degrees depending on depth. Width of coverage is generally six times water depth up to 2000 m. In deep water, a width of 20 km is achievable depending on bottom composition. The sonar transducers are mounted in the port hull.
- Shallow Water Multibeam Echo Sounder (Simrad EM1002) A 95 kHz, 111 beam system designed to operate from shoreline down to a depth of about 1000 m. Angular coverage is up to 150 degrees. Width of coverage is about 1500 m in deeper waters and up to 7.4 times water depth in shallower water.
- Hydrographic Echo Sounder (Simrad EA 500) A single or split beam echo sounding system with three transducer frequencies: 12, 38 and 200 kHz. Ranges are 13,000 m for 12 kHz operation and 500 m for 200 kHz operation.
- Acoustic Positioning System (Simrad HPR 418) A ship position indicating system which uses short and long baseline modes to compute location within a network of bottom acoustic transponders. It can also track location of an acoustic beacon mounted on a remotely operated vehicle or submersible.
R/V Thomas Thompson
The original data were from Dr. Christopher Kelley of Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL) in his CD-ROM product CREDITS AND MULTIBEAM DATA SOURCES FOR THE DLNR BOTTOMFISH GIS, which collects 2000 R/V Thomas Thompson survey in Maui County, off Kahoolawe and off Niihau with Kongsberg-Simrad EM300 Multibeam Echo Sounder system.
SIO cruises
The followings are the lists of cruises surveyed within main Hawaiian islands from three Scripps Institute of Oceanography (SIO) vessels that are equiped multibean sounding system. The first six characters of the cruise ID indicate the abbreviated cruises name and leg number, and the last two characters are "WT" for the R/V Thomas Washington (16-beam SBClassic), "MV" for the R/V Melville ( 121-beam SB2000 system), and "RR" for the R/V Roger Revelle (151-beam SB2112 and now 191-beam EM120).
R/V Thomas Washington
CRUISE ID |
CHIEF SCIENTIST |
START DATE |
START PORT |
END DATE |
END PORT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRGN03WT | Cronan, David | 30-APR-87 | Papeete, Tahiti | 03-JUN-87 | Hilo, Hawaii |
| CRGN04WT | Lonsdale, Peter F. | 04-JUN-87 | Hilo, Hawaii | 07-JUN-87 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| CRGN05WT | Hussong, Donald M. | 10-JUN-87 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 13-JUN-87 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| MRTN01WT | Smith, Kenneth L | 24-MAR-84 | San Diego, Calif. | 27-APR-84 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| MRTN04WT | Menard, Henry William (Deceased). | 14-JUL-84 | Kodiak, Alaska | 08-AUG-84 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| RNDB01WT | Hildebrand, John A. | 29-APR-88 | San Diego, Calif. | 15-MAY-88 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| RNDB02WT | Detrick, Rober S. Jr. | 18-MAY-88 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 10-JUN-88 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| RNDB16WT | Guenther, Peter | 05-MAR-89 | Pago Pago, Samoa | 20-MAR-89 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| RNDB18WT | Lonsdale, Peter F. | 03-MAY-89 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 30-MAY-89 | San Diego, Calif |
| TUNE03WT | Talley, Lynne D. | 31-AUG-91 | Papeete, Tahiti | 01-OCT-91 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| TUNE04WT | Constable, Steven | 06-OCT-91 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 16-OCT-91 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
R/V Melville
CRUISE ID |
CHIEF SCIENTIST |
START DATE |
START PORT |
END DATE |
END PORT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AVON05MV | Larson, Roger | 15-APR-99 | Apia, Western Samoa | 23-APR-99 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| AVON06MV | Josep, Devorah | 28-APR-99 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 19-MAY-99 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| AVON07MV | Drufffel, Ellen | 24-MAY-99 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 15-JUN-99 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| AVON08MV | Colosi, John | 19-JUN-99 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 03-JUL-99 | Astoria, Oregon |
| COOK23MV | Measures, Christopher | 01-MAY-02 | Osaka, Japan | 06-JUN-02 | Honolulu, Hi |
| PANR06MV | Jeffrey Gee, Sio | 18-APR-98 | Papeete, Tahiti | 07-JUN-98 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| PANR07MV | Ralph Stephen, Woods Hole | 12-JUN-98 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 20-JUN-98 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| PANR08MV | Transit | 22-JUN-98 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 30-JUN-98 | San Diego, Ca |
R/V Roger Revelle
CRUISE ID |
CHIEF SCIENTIST |
START DATE |
START PORT |
END DATE |
END PORT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CNTL10RR | Luther, Douglas S | 10-JUN-03 | Honolulu, Hi | 15-JUN-03 | Honolulu, Hi |
| CNTL12RR | Porter, Michael B. | 24-JUN-03 | Honolulu, Hi | 09-JUL-03 | Honolulu, Hi |
| CNTL13RR | Michaels, Anthony F. | 14-JUL-03 | Honolulu, Hi | 22-AUG-03 | Honolulu, Hi |
| CNTL14RR | Miller, Stephen P. | 25-AUG-03 | Honolulu, Hi | 02-SEP-03 | Newport, Or |
| DRFT11RR | Transit | 08-MAR-02 | Pago Pago, American Samoa | 16-MAR-02 | Hilo, Honolulu |
| DRFT12RR | Woody Sutherland | 18-MAR-02 | Hilo, Hawaii | 29-MAR-02 | Hilo, Hawaii |
| DRFT13RR | J. Hildebrand | 01-APR-02 | Hilo, Hawaii | 20-APR-02 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| HNRO17RR | Smith, Stu (Retired), | 08-MAY-00 | Kaohsiung, Taiwan | 20-MAY-00 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| KIWI02RR | Stephen, Ralph | 11-AUG-97 | San Francisco, California | 21-AUG-97 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| KIWI03RR | Mcnutt, Marcia | 24-AUG-97 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 21-SEP-97 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| KIWI04RR | Lukas, Roger | 24-SEP-97 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 26-SEP-97 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| KIWI05RR | Miller, Stephen P. | 28-SEP-97 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 14-OCT-97 | Lyttleton, New Zealand |
| KIWI12RR | Luyendyk, Bruce | 09-MAY-98 | Pago Pago, Amer.Samoa | 29-MAY-98 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| NECR02RR | Gee, Jeffrey | 13-AUG-00 | Astoria, Oregon | 25-AUG-00 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| NECR04RR | Gregg, Michael | 05-OCT-00 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 06-NOV-00 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| NECR05RR | Hildebrand, John | 12-NOV-00 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 07-DEC-00 | Hilo, Hawaii |
| NECR06RR | Peter Lonsdale, Scripps Inst. | 08-DEC-00 | Hilo, Hawaii | 16-DEC-00 | San Diego, California |
| SEAW02RR | Demoustier, Christian | 17-FEB-01 | San Diego, California | 25-FEB-01 | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| SEAW03RR | Demoustier, Christian | 25-FEB-01 | Hilo, Hawaii | 25-MAR-01 | Honolulu, Hawaii |